Housing gap estimation in Poland's heterogeneous housing market
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1
GH Warsaw School of Economics, Collegium of World Economy, Department of Economics II, Poland
2
SGH Warsaw School of Economics, Collegium of Management and Finance, Department of Applied Economics, Poland
3
SGH Warsaw School of Economics, Poland
These authors had equal contribution to this work
Submission date: 2026-06-11
Final revision date: 2026-09-03
Acceptance date: 2026-10-06
Corresponding author
Jakub Borowski
GH Warsaw School of Economics, Collegium of World Economy, Department of Economics II, Poland
HIGHLIGHTS
- develops a regional framework for measuring and projecting housing gaps
- captures spatial housing disequilibrium hidden by national aggregates
- links demographic change to housing shortages and vacancy formation
- identifies where shortages will persist and excess housing will accumulate
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ABSTRACT
National aggregate measures of housing shortages often obscure local disequilibrium, bundling heterogeneous markets and masking the coexistence of severe deficits and excess stock. Furthermore, the housing gap is affected by demographic and cultural changes, which need to be factored into any projection of it. To address these limitations, this article proposes a novel, empirically grounded framework for calculating and projecting the housing gap at the regional level. The model accounts for local demographic projections, immigration trends, and the adaptive responses of real estate developers. We apply this framework to Poland. Our analysis reveals that, as household growth reverses, market adjustment transitions from a return to equilibrium through new supply toward a rapid accumulation of uninhabited dwellings. Consequently, the resolution of the aggregate national housing gap is likely to coincide with widening spatial divergence between local markets. Rather than producing a deterministic forecast, this framework serves as a robust tool for structured conditional forecasting. By identifying where shortages are likely to persist and where oversaturation may emerge, it offers a comprehensive analytical foundation for examining market adjustment, development pressures, vacancy formation, and future house price developments.